Sertraline (Zoloft)

This is general information to help you ask better questions. It is not medical advice. Your prescriber knows your full picture. Never stop or adjust an antipsychotic without medical guidance — abrupt discontinuation can be dangerous.

Sertraline is one of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants in the world, and in the context of psychosis recovery, it typically appears for one specific reason: post-psychotic depression. The depression that follows a psychotic episode - flat, heavy, and often unlike any depression someone has experienced before - is not well-addressed by antipsychotics alone. Adding an antidepressant is a reasonable and common clinical response.

It may also be prescribed for anxiety, which is a significant feature of many people's recovery experience, or for OCD, which sertraline has particularly strong evidence for.

Sertraline is an SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor). It works by increasing serotonin availability in the brain. Among antidepressants, it has a relatively favorable side-effect profile and fewer drug interactions than some alternatives, which matters when it's being added to an antipsychotic.

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An honest note about limitations

Sertraline is good at treating depression and anxiety. It is not an antipsychotic. It will not treat hallucinations, delusions, or disorganised thinking - your antipsychotic is doing that work. The sertraline is for the mood and anxiety that sits underneath. Both matter.

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What to expect early on

i.  It often feels worse before it gets better. For the first one to three weeks, many people experience increased anxiety, jitteriness, nausea, insomnia, or a sense of activation. This is the most common window in which people stop SSRIs, and also the window where pushing through usually pays off. The early discomfort is not a sign the medication is wrong for you.

ii.  Full effect takes four to six weeks. The meaningful antidepressant effect develops gradually. Some people notice changes earlier (sleep, edges of mood, appetite) but the substantive shift typically takes a month or more. Being at week two with no change is expected, not evidence of failure.

iii.  Sexual side effects. Among the most common and least discussed. Reduced libido, difficulty with arousal, and difficulty reaching orgasm are common with SSRIs at any dose. These effects tend to persist as long as the medication is taken. Many prescribers don't raise this; many patients don't volunteer it. If it's affecting you, name it; there are options, including dose adjustment or switching to an antidepressant with a different profile.

iv.  Sleep effects. Some people sleep better on sertraline; others find it disrupts sleep or causes vivid dreams. Taking it in the morning rather than at night often helps if sleep is affected.

v.  Nausea. Particularly in the first week. Taking it with food usually helps. Usually self-limiting.

vi.  Emotional dulling, in some people. A subset of people on SSRIs describe a flatness - less depression, but also less of everything else. This is distinct from the depression you started with and worth naming. Sometimes a dose adjustment or a different agent helps.

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A specific caution for this population

In a small minority of people, particularly those with a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, or whose psychotic episode had significant mood features, SSRIs can trigger or worsen manic or hypomanic symptoms. This is not common, but it's more relevant in this population than in a general antidepressant context.

Symptoms of activation or mania: racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep with maintained energy, pressured speech, grandiosity, increased risk-taking, a sense of unusual elation or irritability that feels different from your baseline. If any of these appear after starting or increasing sertraline, contact your prescriber promptly. This is the single most important caution for SSRIs in people with a psychosis history.

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Worth bringing up sooner

• Increased anxiety or jitteriness that hasn't eased by week three

• Sexual side effects affecting your life  - these are real, treatable, and worth naming.

• Any signs of activation or mood escalation  - racing thoughts, reduced sleep with high energy, unusual elation.

• Emotional numbing that wasn't there before

• No meaningful change by eight weeks  - a prompt to review the plan.

Less common, but important to know

Serotonin syndrome Rare but serious. Caused by too much serotonin activity, usually from combining SSRIs with other serotonergic drugs. Relevant culprits: certain pain medications (tramadol), migraine medications (triptans), St John's Wort, and recreational drugs including MDMA. Symptoms include high fever, agitation, muscle rigidity, rapid heart rate, sweating, and confusion. This is a medical emergency. The practical takeaway: tell every prescriber and pharmacist you're on sertraline, and avoid St John's Wort entirely.

Discontinuation symptoms Stopping sertraline abruptly, or missing several doses, can cause discontinuation effects: dizziness, 'brain zaps' (an electrical sensation), flu-like feelings, irritability, and a return of anxiety or depressive symptoms. These are real and uncomfortable but not dangerous. Always taper gradually with your prescriber's guidance rather than stopping suddenly.

DON'T WAIT THROUGH THESE: New or worsening thoughts of self-harm or suicide, particularly in the first weeks of starting or increasing the dose. Signs of mania or activation (racing thoughts, no need for sleep, escalating energy, grandiosity). Symptoms of serotonin syndrome (high fever, muscle rigidity, severe agitation, rapid heart rate). Call your prescriber. In the US, call or text 988 at any time.

Things that interact

• Other serotonergic medications  - tell every prescriber and pharmacist you're on sertraline before anything new is added.

• MAOIs  - a different class of antidepressant. Cannot be combined; requires a washout period of weeks between stopping one and starting the other.

• St John's Wort  - a herbal supplement. Combining with an SSRI can cause serotonin syndrome. Avoid entirely.

• Tramadol and some other pain medications  - increases serotonin syndrome risk.

• Blood thinners (warfarin, aspirin at higher doses)  - SSRIs can increase bleeding risk when combined.

• Alcohol  - amplifies sedation and can worsen depression. Some people find any drinking meaningfully interferes with how the medication works.

If you ever come off it

Sertraline should not be stopped abruptly. The standard approach is a gradual taper, often over several weeks, guided by your prescriber. Even if you feel better - especially if you feel better - the right way to stop is slowly and in collaboration with your care team. Stopping because you feel well is reasonable; stopping abruptly is not.

If you're considering stopping because of side effects, bring it to your prescriber first. Side effects often have solutions (dose adjustment, timing changes, switching to a different agent) that don't require stopping entirely.

Worth asking at your next appointment

• "How long should we expect before we know if this is working?"

• "What are we looking for to know it's working?"

• "I'm experiencing [side effect]. Are there ways to address it without stopping?"

• "Are there interactions with my antipsychotic I should know about?"

• "If this isn't enough, what would we try next?"

This is general information. Your prescriber knows your full picture - use this to ask better questions, not to make changes on your own. Never stop or adjust an SSRI without medical guidance.

Lithium

This is general information to help you ask better questions. It is not medical advice. Your prescriber knows your full picture. Never stop or adjust an antipsychotic without medical guidance - abrupt discontinuation can be dangerous.

Lithium is one of the oldest psychiatric medications still in use, and despite many newer drugs, it remains in many ways the most effective. Its primary use is bipolar disorder, but it shows up in psychosis recovery for a few specific reasons.

Why you may be on this

• If your psychotic episode had significant mood features  - if it looked like, or turned out to be, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, lithium may be the foundation of long-term treatment, with or without an antipsychotic.

• If post-psychotic depression has been hard to treat with antidepressants alone, lithium is sometimes added as an augmenting agent. It has solid evidence for this use.

• If suicidal thoughts or behavior have been a concern  - lithium is unusual among psychiatric medications in having direct evidence for reducing suicide risk, separate from its effect on mood.

If your prescriber is considering schizoaffective disorder or another diagnosis where mood symptoms are central, lithium may be part of the long-term plan.

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An honest note about limits

Lithium requires blood draws, careful hydration, and a different relationship with your body than most medications ask for. In exchange, it does things that few other medications can do, particularly in stabilizing mood across years, and in protecting against suicide.

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What to expect early on

Lithium has a distinctive set of effects, and the early period is when most of them appear.

i.  Increased thirst and urination. Most people on lithium drink more water and pee more, sometimes significantly. This is partly the medication's effect on the kidneys' handling of water, and partly because staying well-hydrated is genuinely necessary on lithium. Plan to carry water with you.

ii.  Mild tremor in the hands. Often a fine tremor, most noticeable when holding something steady or trying to write. For most people it eases over weeks; for some it persists at a manageable level. If it interferes with daily life, there are options, like a different timing of doses, a different formulation, or sometimes a beta blocker.

iii.  Nausea or stomach discomfort. Common in the first weeks. Often resolves with taking lithium with food, or switching to an extended-release formulation if you're on immediate-release.

iv.  Mental dulling that's hard to describe. Some people experience what they call brain fog or a sense that the edges of thinking are softer. This is one of the most-reported and most-divisive side effects. Some people barely notice it, others find it significant. If it's affecting you, name it specifically to your prescriber. Dose adjustments often help.

v.  Weight gain. Common but variable. Often modest; sometimes more significant. Worth tracking honestly so it can be addressed early if it becomes an issue.

vi.  Acne or skin changes. An under-mentioned side effect. Lithium can worsen acne or cause skin changes in some people. Standard treatments work; worth mentioning if it's bothering you.

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The blood tests, and why they matter

Lithium is unusual among psychiatric medications in requiring regular blood tests. The reason is simple: the difference between an effective dose and a toxic dose is small, and the only way to know where you are is to measure it.

Standard monitoring includes lithium level (drawn 12 hours after your last dose), kidney function, thyroid function, and calcium levels. The first few months involve more frequent draws, typically every one to two weeks until you're stable, then every few months once you are.

If you are ever told a blood draw isn't necessary, push back politely. This isn't a difficult-patient thing; it's the standard of care, and your prescriber should be doing it.

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What can throw off your level

• Dehydration from heat, exercise, illness, or just forgetting to drink water. Lithium levels rise when you're dehydrated. This is the most common cause of accidental toxicity.

• Salt intake changes  - a sudden low-salt diet can raise lithium levels. Significant increases in salt can lower them. Consistency matters more than the absolute amount.

• Vomiting or diarrhea - fluid loss can quickly raise levels. If you're sick for more than a day, contact your prescriber.

• NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen)  can significantly raise lithium levels. Acetaminophen is safer for casual use.

• Some blood pressure medications  (ACE inhibitors, certain diuretics) interact strongly with lithium. Make sure every prescriber knows you're on it.

Signs of lithium toxicity

Lithium toxicity is one of the clearest medical emergencies in psychiatric care. Catching it early matters.

DON'T WAIT THROUGH THESE: Worsening tremor (coarse, not fine). Nausea and vomiting that doesn't stop. Diarrhea. Slurred speech. Unsteadiness or difficulty walking. Confusion or feeling sluggish in a way that's different from your baseline. Twitching or muscle jerks. These can signal lithium toxicity and warrant immediate medical attention - go to the ER. If you're not sure, err on the side of going.

Lithium toxicity is treatable when caught early and can be life-threatening when ignored.

Long-term considerations

Lithium can affect a few systems over years, which is why the monitoring continues even when you're stable.

Kidneys: Long-term lithium use can affect kidney function in some people. This is monitored through regular blood tests. Most people on lithium for years have normal kidney function; a subset develop changes that may require dose adjustment or switching.

Thyroid: Lithium can cause the thyroid to slow down (hypothyroidism) in a meaningful minority of people. This is easy to detect with the thyroid blood tests your prescriber should already be doing, and easy to treat by adding a thyroid medication.

Pregnancy: Lithium has historically been considered higher-risk in pregnancy because of an association with a specific heart defect in the developing baby. More recent research suggests the risk is real but smaller than previously thought. The full picture is more nuanced than the older guidance suggested, and there are situations where staying on lithium during pregnancy may be safer than stopping it, particularly for someone with a history of severe mood episodes. If pregnancy is a possibility, this is a conversation to have early with both your psychiatrist and an obstetrician familiar with psychiatric medications.

Things that interact

• NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin at higher doses)  raise lithium levels, sometimes substantially. Acetaminophen is safer for casual pain relief.

• ACE inhibitors and ARBs  (some blood pressure medications) raise lithium levels.

• Thiazide diuretics  raise lithium levels significantly.

• Caffeine  lowers lithium levels somewhat. Major changes in caffeine intake can affect your blood level.

• Alcohol  interacts unpredictably; can worsen tremor and affect hydration.

• High-sodium energy drinks or significant salt changes  can shift levels. Consistency in diet matters more on lithium than on most psychiatric medications.

Worth asking at your next appointment

• "When is my next lithium level check?"

• "What was my last level, and what range are you aiming for?"

• "Are we checking kidney and thyroid function regularly?"

• "What should I do if I get sick or have diarrhea for a few days?"

• "Is there anything about my other medications that I should worry about with lithium?"

This is general information. Your prescriber knows your full picture - use this to ask better questions, not to make changes on your own. Lithium in particular requires careful monitoring and should never be adjusted without medical guidance.

Escitalopram (Lexapro)

This is general information to help you ask better questions. It is not medical advice. Your prescriber knows your full picture. Never stop or adjust an antipsychotic without medical guidance - abrupt discontinuation can be dangerous.

Escitalopram is one of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants in the world, and one of the most common medications added to an antipsychotic during psychosis recovery. If your prescriber has added it to your regimen, the most likely reason is to treat the depression that often emerges or persists after the acute psychotic episode resolves - what's sometimes called post-psychotic depression.

It's also sometimes prescribed for anxiety, which can be a significant feature of recovery, and for ruminative or intrusive thoughts that don't fit the pattern of psychotic symptoms.

Escitalopram is in the SSRI class (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). It works by increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain, which is involved in mood, anxiety, sleep, and many other systems. Among SSRIs, it tends to be chosen for its relatively favorable side-effect profile and fewer drug interactions, which matters when it's being added on top of an antipsychotic.

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An honest note about limits

Escitalopram is good at what it's good at: treating depression and anxiety in people who don't have psychotic features at the moment. It is not an antipsychotic. It will not treat hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking. If your symptoms include those, your antipsychotic is doing that work - the escitalopram is for the mood and anxiety underneath.

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What to expect early on

SSRIs take time. This is one of the most important things to know, and one of the most common reasons people stop them too early.

i.  It often feels worse before it feels better. For the first one to three weeks, many people experience increased anxiety, jitteriness, nausea, or trouble sleeping. The depression itself may not improve yet. This is the most common window for someone to give up on the medication, and it's also the window where pushing through usually pays off.

ii.  Full effect takes four to six weeks. Some people notice changes earlier — sleep, appetite, edges of mood — but the meaningful antidepressant effect typically takes a month or more to develop. If you're at week 2 and don't feel different, that's expected, not a sign it's failing.

iii.  Sexual side effects are real and under-discussed. Reduced libido, difficulty with arousal, and difficulty reaching orgasm are common with SSRIs, including escitalopram. They tend to persist as long as the medication is taken. Many prescribers don't bring this up. You can, and should, if it's affecting you.

iv.  It can affect sleep, in both directions. Some people find escitalopram helps sleep; others find it disrupts sleep, particularly with vivid dreams or insomnia. Taking it in the morning rather than at night often helps.

v.  Some people feel emotionally flat on it. A subset of people on SSRIs describe a sense of emotional dulling - less depression, but also less of everything else. If this happens to you, it's worth naming to your prescriber. It's not a fixed feature of the medication; sometimes a dose adjustment or a different SSRI helps.

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Less common, but important to know

Two things in particular deserve attention in this population.

Activation and manic symptoms

In a small minority of people - particularly those with bipolar disorder or a personal or family history of mood instability - SSRIs can trigger or worsen manic or hypomanic symptoms: racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep, agitation, grandiosity. The risk is higher in people whose psychotic episode had affective features. If you experience anything that feels like activation, escalation, or a return of pre-episode symptoms, contact your prescriber promptly.

Serotonin syndrome

Rare but serious. Caused by too much serotonin activity in the body, usually from combining SSRIs with other serotonergic drugs (some pain medications, certain migraine medications, MAOIs, the supplement St. John's Wort, and recreational drugs including MDMA). Symptoms include high fever, sweating, agitation, muscle rigidity, rapid heart rate, and confusion. This is a medical emergency.

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Things that interact

• Other medications that work on serotonin  - a broad category. Tell every prescriber and pharmacist you're on escitalopram.

• Tramadol and some other pain medications can increase serotonin syndrome risk.

• Triptans (migraine medications) interact mildly; usually fine but worth flagging.

• St. John's Wort  - a herbal supplement marketed for depression. Combining it with an SSRI can cause serotonin syndrome. Avoid entirely.

• MAOIs  - a different class of antidepressant. Cannot be combined; requires washout periods between.

• Alcohol amplifies sedation and can worsen depression. Moderation matters; some people find any drinking interferes meaningfully with how the medication works.

• NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) slightly increase bleeding risk when combined with SSRIs. Usually fine for occasional use; worth mentioning if you're a daily user.

If you ever come off it

Escitalopram should never be stopped abruptly. Discontinuation symptoms, sometimes called SSRI withdrawal, are real and well-documented: dizziness, brain zaps (a strange electrical sensation), flu-like feelings, irritability, vivid dreams, and a return of anxiety or depression. They can last days to weeks.

The standard approach is a gradual taper, sometimes over many weeks, in collaboration with your prescriber. Even then, some people find escitalopram particularly hard to come off. It has a relatively short half-life among SSRIs, which can make discontinuation more difficult than some alternatives. This is not a reason to avoid starting it. It's a reason to plan stopping carefully, when that time comes.

If you find yourself wanting to stop because of side effects, please have that conversation with your prescriber before reducing the dose on your own. Alternatives exist, and side effects often have solutions you may not have heard about.

Worth asking at your next appointment

If escitalopram is new for you, or you've been on it for a while and have questions, these are worth raising:

• "How long should we give this before deciding it's working?"

• "What are we looking for to know it's working?"

• "If this isn't enough, what would we try next?"

• "Are there interactions with my antipsychotic I should know about?"

• "I'm experiencing [side effect]. Are there ways to address this without stopping?"

This is general information. Your prescriber knows your full picture — use this to ask better questions, not to make changes on your own. Never stop or adjust an antidepressant without medical guidance.